Companies are required to do extensive clinical trials before they can sell a medicine and during these they notice and document possible side effects the study participants experience. This is how they know that and which ones and how likely that they are. They do test on people. The people consent to it. The people are often paid very well to be tested on. There is also a placebo or control group in these studies of people who are not tested on to keep a baseline measurement of all these things.
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