It’s essentially the same as through copper, it’s just a lot faster.
Data is sent in packets which can be broken down into 1s and 0s, and that data can be easily sent over any medium that can interpret those packets, like fiber.
It’s translates into flashes of light for on and off representing the data that needs to be read or sent. It’s just the semi complicated part of being able to translate it back into data. However, that goes to the same process as turning it into light but in reverse.
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