A lot of mathematics can be broken down into very simple arithmetic. As long as someone thinks about it and plans it, even math involving large numbers can be broken down into many many simple steps like adding 1+1. The key is a computer can do the simple math very very fast. So as long as someone programs the computer well, it can do very large and complicated mathematics through very simple additions/multiplications.
A modern computer can do many millions of additions a second, because it does so nearly at the speed of how fast electricity flows in a short distance.
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