They do pick up the audio. But the phone “knows” exactly what electrical signal it is outputting to the speakers create the audio; even with a simple electrical circuit, you can subtract that same signal from what is being output output by the microphone and transmitted over the phone line. That will cancel out most of the noise that was produced by the speakers and hopefully prevent the feedback you normally get with a microphone closer to a speaker.
It’s why if people are talking over each other on the phone you tend to get dropped audio and it just becomes garbled instead of it being very noisy.
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