how do military submarines communicate with land and how long does it take.
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There are a few ways. A submarine can deploy antennas above the water at periscope depth and communicate using ordinary radio frequencies like VHF or UHF. At shallow depths, say 20-40 meters, they use VLF frequencies. At depths beyond that, they have vety long cable antennas that they drag behind them that use ELF frequencies or float the VLF antenna to near the surface using a buoy. VLF and ELF communications are very slow and can only use text, no voice or video. They are also only way, from land to sea. because they need large amounts of power and massive antennas that submarines can’t carry.
Another possibility is for submarines to tap into existing undersea cables or to emit acoustic waves that can be picked up by undersea microphones, however the latter would give away a submarine’s location.
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