How do pH indicators work?

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How do pH indicators, for example hydrogencarbonate indicator, work? What determines the colour they change to?

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Certain chemicals, like bromothymol blue, are one color when protonated (acidified) and a different color in basic solution.

You are seeing yellow when all molecules are acidifed, blue when alkylated, or a mixture of yellow and blue, which appears green, at neutral pH.

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