The charge controller circuit inside them simply shuts off electricity flowing into the battery when it detects that the battery has reached maximum safe charge level. In super simple stuff like solar garden lamps there is no such circuit and the batteries actually do get overloaded, but the energy input is so low that the batteries can survive it well enough by shedding the extra energy as heat (this is dependent on battery type – don’t try this on Li-Ion, but Ni-MH can survive it at very low power).
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