Looking at the overall geology of a site, they can get some idea of the type of rock that makes it up. Taking core samples is another way — it gives an idea of the layers of material that are underneath, that sort of thing. Prospecting for oil can be done with sound, too — using explosives to create a sound wave, the vibrations can be analyzed to see what’s underground.
But also — hitting really rich deposits of material was difficult, and in some cases still is today.
Latest Answers