How do scientists discover that different animals have different senses than humans?

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For example, how did scientists discover that bees can see in ultraviolet or octopus can see polarized light? And elephants can hear infra-sounds?

In: Biology

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Besides behavioural analysis, they can also examine the sense organs themselves to gain insight to what they’re capable of.

The light receptors in our eyes can only react to light within a range of wavelengths. The chemistry of the eyes limits what the receptors can react to. Bee eye receptors have different chemistry and understanding that can show how they can see differently.

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