Obviously each country keeps how their operations actually work a secret, but it effectively goes like this.
The intelligence agency will study citizens of the other country who may be influenceable while also being useful. Looking for individuals with access and connections as well as weaknesses they can exploit. Those weaknesses could be personal secrets to black mail. Or could be as simple as that person not being rich and offering them
A lot of money. They’ll spend along time learning about people before they decide which one to approach and make an offer to.
Or in some cases citizens will just wall up to the intelligence agency and offer themselves Because they already have their own grievances with the country they live in.
Not everyone in the USA believes in the ideology of the USA. They might prefer the ideology of other countries, and spy for them. Also, some people are only in it for the money. If a foreign country pays well, they will work for the other country while also getting a paycheck from their home country.
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