People know a lot about how things break and why they break. You make a machine or building out of materials that break the way you want them to and do a bunch of math to estimate when it will happen. Then you normally (for machines) heat it up and run it really fast to make it break faster or (for buildings) put way too much weight on it so it breaks. Then you do a whole bunch more math to make sure the stuff broke when you thought it would.
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