I’d like to point out Gödel’s incompleteness theorems.
They’re not exactly ELI5 friendly, but the gist of it is basically : “you cannot prove the correctness of a system from within it”.
This also applies to logic (math basically).
So we cannot use logic to prove logic.
Therefore, to answer your question : we cannot.
Edit: at least, not using logic. This leaves way to all sorts of emotional explanations and philosophical exploration, which many like to explore.
BUT
As long as the system (math) does not contradict itself, we admit that it is “correct enough” for our uses, and we choose to use it.
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