Poor form can absolutely mess up someone’s back even at a light weight. You are still, in fact lifting with your legs in a deadlift (glutes and hams say hello).
But if you’re asking why people can generally deadlift very large amounts compared to say curling dumbells? It’s because it’s a compound and power lift which harnesses multiple large muscle groups to drive the lift as opposed to just a single muscle or muscle group. Proper form is crucial too, where you hinge at your hips and not bend your back to drive the lift.
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