What I remember from a gardening school is that it’s because instead of osmosis causing the roots to absorb water the too fertile ground starts taking water away from the roots due to having higher concentration of stuff than the roots. Osmosis basically meaning that certain stuff is allowed through a membrane until both sides of it have equal amounts of stuff.
Of course there are other effects lot of fertilizer can cause(what exactly the effect will be depending on if it’s nitrogen, phosphorus or potassium or some less common nutrient that there is too much of) but I’m pretty sure root burning was about osmosis.
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