Woof, an ELI5 that I can finally answer.
At the most simplistic level, there is no concrete percentage of impact. Increasing the clock speed by %100 (besides being a very bad idea) will not increase the performance by %100. Different CPUs by different manufacturers will always be different in how much improvement you get from overclocking.
In a more in depth sense, there is a point of diminishing returns, which depends on the load you have, the manufacturer, all sorts of different factors. Eventually you’ll reach a point where the excess heat created is so much that your CPU will in fact slow down, as heat creates resistance to electricity. Usually, though, the CPU will have a component failure long before that.
I can go more in depth if you like about certain aspects, but this subreddit is about simplicity. I hope I answered your question!
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