Gauge is a general term for measurement units. It kinda gets thrown around for things that have an actual unit of measure, but there isn’t a convenient unit of measure already around for it. Mostly for “how much of a thing we can make out of one unit of the material”.
For guns, gauge is the number of lead balls of a particular diameter it would take to equal a pound.
For needles and wire, it relates to the complicated process of making wire and drawing it out. As the metal gets stretched father, the gauge increases but the size of the wire decreases because there is less of it.
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