Gauge isnt a unit of measure at all. It is just a way to express standard units of measure i to whole numbers. For instance sheet metal thickness, a gauge 1 could be .01 inch thich, gauge 2 could be 0.2 inch thich etc. In shotgun the measurement is different as it is the bore diameter, for instance a 12 gauge is .725 inches while a 10 is a .775. basically a gauge can stand in for anything you want it to be to be easier for regular people to pick what they want as most dont want to deal with decimal points, although in metric world this isn’t of a problem as we deal mostly with whole numbers in cm or mm. The US is backwards in their eight of an inch and so on.
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