The answers before me do a good job of describing various grading curve techniques. I just wanted to add that I always saw (12 th grade and below) curve grading as more a reflection of the teacher than the abilities of the students.
In college (USA) the curve was used as a “weedout” technique as the program I was in was oversubscribed and the admins needed to get rid of a bunch of us. One could also look at it as a selection for the best of the best to keep the schools reputation high.
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