Are you asking how a microphone works, specifically in the context of a microphone picking up audio in the form of music and a computer using it?
Quick article on microphones: https://www.mediacollege.com/audio/microphones/how-microphones-work.html
tl;dr most microphones work similarly to speakers – only instead of causing vibrations with an electric current, it’s using ambient sounds to vibrate the diaphragm to produce an electric which is then interpreted by another device, in this case the audio chipset of a computer which translates it into an audio stream.
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