There are just a few internet cables going through the Atlantic for example and yet millions of internet users connect between Europe and the USA for example and everybody will get exactly the data he asked for. How can one cable deliver so many different informations at once?
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Each packet of data has information about where it is going and where it is from. The routers and switches at each network “hop” see this information and send it to where it needs to go.
Those cables contain dozens of fiber optic lines each. Because of the traffic loads and importance of that data link the equipment attached to each fiber is some of the best made. This allows each cable to offer in the terrabit per second throughput range.
Also, most internet traffic is not intercontinental. If you are in North America and browse to say, BBC.com (the british broadcasting channel you pervs) your traffic isn’t crossing the ocean to britain. Its being routed to a more geographically local server somewhere in North America. The internet has been developed in such a way that it tries to keep as much traffic as it can as local as possible. This reduces the load over the communication chokepoints (like those cables) and increases the end users experience since you don’t have to wait extra time for the traffic to cross the longer distance.
The data on the internet use IP packet. The all contain the source and destination IP address at a fixed location in the beginning. The router looks at the destination IP and forwards the packet to the appropriate interface to reach the destination Protocol like e Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is used to exchange routing information of where what IP address should go. IP addresses is distributed in blocks so there can be thousand of sequential addresses that all go to a single ISP.
This is how it works on all levels transoceanic connections are no different.
The transoceanic cable is not easy for one single connection. You have multiple fiber pairs and each fiber can carry multiple wavelengths of light that optical splitters separate and send to different devices that interpret the signal.
Look at https://aquacomms.com/our-network/aeconnect-1/ it has 130 diffrent wavelengths in a fiber at 100Gbit/s per wavelength. It has 4 fiber pairs, you have them in pairs so one fiber is used in each direction. So it proved 130 * 4 =520 connection that works independently from the point of the endpoint electronics. The total capacity is 520 * 4 =20.8 terabits/second.
it’s called packet switching. every connection you make is not a continuous stream of data, it’s split into small packets of data. each packet has the address of where it’s going, and a little bit of data. they are all sent out into the internet and make their own way to where they’re going.
so the packet is first sent from your phone to your wifi point. your WiFi looks at the address and decides where to send it, usually you’re talking to the internet so it sends it down the cable to your ISP / internet provider. your wi-fi point could send it to another device in your network if that’s where it’s going, like your tv if you’re sharing your phone screen to it, but we’ll assume it needs to go to your isp.
once it’s down the cable to the isp, your isp looks at the packet address and chooses another cable to send it down. this gets your packet going in the right direction to its destination.
now your isp is receiving packets from a lot of houses all at once. so if a few packets need to go down the same cable, it’ll send your packet down then one from your neighbour, then one from someone across town. all the packets are mixed up together like this.
then it’s received on the other side and the same process happens again, whoever received it looks at it, chooses a cable that gets it closer and sends it down there.
your packet bounces around like this from link to link, at every point whoever receives it looks at the address and gets it another step closer to its destination until finally it reaches where it needs to go.
then the server that receives it does whatever it needs to do, like maybe start streaming a video to your phone. so it knows how to reach your phone because the data was in that packet. so now it starts sending packets to your phone. each packet contains just a little bit of the movie. each one is sent down the various cables individually in exactly the same way that your packet went, each one is routed individually at each step and mixed in with packets from other people. in theory each packet could take different routes to reach your phone. your phone eventually receives these packets, puts them back in order and starts showing you the video.
these big undersea cables can carry far more packets per second than your video needs, so the cable isn’t carrying just your video. the internet providers can just stuff packets down these cables from all kinds of different people, all mixed up.
but because each packet has its destination marked clearly at the front of each, each step routes it closer to its destination, so your data doesn’t get lost or confused with someone else’s.
what happens if there are too many packets being sent down one cable and it’s too full? well there might be a very small queue, if that’s full the router might try to find an alternative route, like: this route is ideal, but if it’s full this one will also work. or if it can’t find a route to use, it’ll just drop the packet.
if your packet gets dropped your phone and the server know how to detect that and your phone will send the packet again. basically, every time the server receives a packet from your phone, it sends back an acknowledgement, called an ACK. if your phone doesn’t receive the ACK after a certain amount of time, it’ll send the packet again.
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