The word “camera” comes from “[Camera Obscura](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_obscura)” which is basically a hole in a box. Light comes through the hole and projects what is outside the hole on to the inside of the box opposite the hole.
Now if you have a light-sensitive medium inside the box, i.e. film, the image outside the box is transferred through the hole (or lens) on to this medium. You then take the film to a dark room, and pass light through it on to light sensitive paper, and the photo develops.
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