“The cloud” is just marketing speak for “Someone else’s server”. When you ask “The cloud” for information you’re actually asking a specific service for it. It’s not a vague pool of information, you’re directly asking “drive.google.com” for a specific file associated with a specific account. The server at Google Drive has a database that tells it exactly where every file is on disc and it will happily fetch it for you.
The cloud knows where your data is because whatever computer(s) you’re asking for your data are programmed to know or how to find out which database or file server has the requested data.
“The Cloud” is a giant application for sharing server resources in front of some data centers. Amazon, Google, Microsoft, and a few others run cloud services.
Each of these cloud providers have various mechanisms for storing files. For instance, Amazon offers the S3 Bucket storage. They essentially have a giant set of data storage servers for the files, and then a database backed frontend application. When you access the files, you ask that frontend application for the file, it asks its database for the file location, and then it accesses the actual file servers.
The key is that the system is so streamlined, and that the cloud providers give software developers great libraries for integrating the storage. This enables it to be seamlessly integrated into other applications.
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