> What makes things like poisonous gas or some firearms banned?
Because they cause undue suffering even beyond what you’d normally expect in war.
> why would nations play by the rules?
Because those that don’t want horrible weapons used on them will abide by the agreement to not use them on others.
> what exactly is a war crime
It’s any crime that is directly attached to individual or group actions related to actions taken in war. Often they are things that are unusually horrible, target innocents intentionally with no clear benefit, or violating whatever laws, treaties or international agreements on conduct during war.
> how is it punishable?
Depends on the crime and the country doing the enforcing, but usually they are enforced by the winning side(s) of that war.
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