Well doctors use a few methods. They might look at all the blood that’s been collected during the surgery, and make a rough estimate based on how much they can see. They can also weigh the blood they’ve collected, so they can get a more exact number. They may also check the patient’s blood before and after the surgery, to see if there’s been a noticeable drop in the red blood cells, which would indicate a loss of blood. And they keep a close eye on the patient’s heart rate and blood pressure. If either one drops, it’s a sign that they may have lost too much blood.
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