The black dots and white dots represent binary bits 1 and 0 respectively.
Every 8 bits makes a byte, and a byte can hold one character (it can do other things but don’t worry about it)
Usually it will only hold small bits of info like phone numbers or URLs, and then direct you to the website with more info.
There are little squares in three of the corners, so that it can be determined if the image is distorted or rotated. And by knowing where the squares should be, it can compensate for that.
It really is quite robust.
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