I don’t know about Chromecast specifically, but HDMI devices can send a signal to TVs to turn themselves on and select the appropriate input when the HDMI-connected device is powered on or awakened from a sleep mode. For instance, I have a switch dock hooked up to my TV, and when I put my switch into the dock it turns the TV on. Similarly, when my PS4 turns on it will switch the input to itself and turn the TV on if it’s off.
Some smart TVs are wifi enabled so you can actually tell your phone to turn on your TV, and that would just be a wifi connection to the computer in your TV and sending a remote start command.
In all of these instances, the TV isn’t “off” like we turn off a light, and a physical switch breaks the connection of electricity between the wall and the light bulb, but in a low-power state where all it is doing is waiting for that “hey, get turned on” signal to be sent to it on any input where it allows that. Computers can typically do similar things if you set them up to do so.
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