Radio waves. Wireless communication is just radio waves*. On a basic level, there’s really nothing different between the radio in your car, the wifi you connect to with your phone or computer, and space probes sending data back to Earth. On all cases, it’s just 2 antennas sending radio waves back and forth between each other. The only real difference is the distance. To overcome the distances involved in space flight, you just need really really big, sensitive antennas.
*There are some very niche wireless communication roles that use other means, such as lasers, but 99%+ of wireless communication is radio waves.
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