Storing data works by storing two different states in a way that can be read.
In the past we were pretty bad at this, we used cards that either had a hole or didn’t have a hole in specific locations a machine could read. Each page could only hold a few bits of information.
Then we started storing it on magnetic tape or disks and reading that with a reader head. These tapes or disks essentially place the “holes” far closer together. The holes being an electrical charge. HDDs are basically just the results of a ton of improvements in this.
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