On the most basic level, the cable company is sending in signals for every channel, but the frequency is different for each channel.
If we compare it to music, there is a lot going on when you listen to a song. A lot of sounds hit you at once, but if you want to focus on the singer, you can. If you want to focus on the drums, you can.
At least to a limited extent, you have the ability to tune out certain sounds.
Your cable box is a bit similar. If you tune to channel 5, it knows what frequency channel 5 is, so it looks for that frequency, and tunes everything else out.
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