Are you asking about preventing transmission, or actually treating it/developing a vaccine, because those are different things. The reason why it’s hard to prevent transmission is because people can be HIV positive for years and not know it, and thus inadvertently spread it to other people during that time, and then those people will be infected, not know, and spread to *more* people and so on. It’s easy to not know you’re HIV+ because there are basically no symptoms until your immune system is seriously compromised, which, as I said before, can take years. In western countries, transmission rates are down because of the availability of cheap, reliable, and accurate tests, public awareness, and easy access to things like condoms or clean needles. In a lot of other countries, HIV tests are hard to come by, and there’s little or no access to things that reduce transmission rates and not much money for public awareness.
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