Every time the engine rotates, it delivers a certain amount of power and force, the transmission applies that over a certain distance.
A car in high gear traveling at 75 mph @5000 rpm moves about 16 inches every engine rotation. The same car in low gear going 25@5000 only travels 5.3 inches. The same amount of engine output is being applied over a shorter distance, allowing the car to overcome the greater resistance.
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