To put it simply: If you don’t want things from outside from coming in, you have high pressure in the room. With this you can keep contaminants and dust outside of an area, and all air that comes in is filter, like operating theatre. If you want to make sure nothing escapes the room without being filtered, you have negative pressure.
This is used in clean room and contamination room universally.
And in a way… yes your exhaust fan works the same way. It tries to keep humidity and odours from going to other parts of the building, by pushing it out and creating a draft. Now… if you wanted your bathroom’s humidity and smells to spread, you could reverse the airflow.
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