Technically, all programming functions has outputs, but in some cases we don’t see them:
1. The function requires multiple outputs but the programming language does not support functions with multiple outputs. In this case we get around the problem by using pointer inputs to get their physical addresses.
2. It create an output(s) that is either physical or an essential component in your framework or library. They are either fixed or declared so you can’t define them.
3. Also in object oriented programming you can call “methods” of an object to change its properties. Since properties of the class of the object can be directly accessed by the method there’s no need of returning an output. This is really meaningful because it allow encapsulation.
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