Binary – Base 2 (0 and 1) is just a convenient way to represent the numbers you know and love.
What the computer “knows” is how to covert the “R” to ascii value 82, then converts the number 82 (base 10) to 1010010 (base 2).
The computer can then easily represent that binary number in hardware as a series of on/off states.
Binary isn’t just on and off. It can also be certain voltages.
For example, the computer has an internal clock that counts each binary digit. Each one is a few milli seconds in length.
A voltage over 5V would be a 1. Then a few milliseconds later if the voltage is below 5V the next figure will be a 0
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