TLDR: they squirt fuel into the engine
Cars run on a mixture of fuel and air.
Traditionally this mixing would have happened inside of a carburetor, but this has since been replaced with fuel injection (for the most part).
Fuel injectors spray atomized fuel into the pistons. This creates a better mixture therefore and more efficient combustion.
With fuel injection you get much more control on how much fuel you use, the spray pattern, and can more easily adjust it with a computer based on varying conditions.
Using Fuel injection generates more power and provides greater fuel efficiency, and allows you to run a smaller engine for the same amount of umph.
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