in the US, generally
* sheriff is an **elected** county level official who has deputies that work for them
* cop/police officer – works for the police force, generally of a city, and reports to a Chief officer who is hired by the city government
* detective is any police officer who specializes in investigation of specific crimes. As opposed to uniformed patrol officer, who generally spends their day in the car/on foot responding to calls from the public, doing traffic enforcement, etc.
* no idea what you mean by “city guard”, that is not a US term I’m aware of
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