A lot of factors. The crash of 2008 was mostly due to illegal and/or unethical business practices. Regulation is in place now to theoretically prevent those practices.
Supply and demand is one major factor. So is unemployment. Political instability, inflation, force majeure (“acts of God”) like war, weather, pandemic, etc.
A “crash” would be a combination of a lots of factor. The market ebbs and flows with any one factor.
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