Its a phenomenon called “Larsen”.
It is caused by a feedback amplification of the sound between a microphone and a amplified speaker. To experience it, you only need to have a microphone that plays its recorded sound “live” in an amplified speaker.
What happens is the sound caught by the microphone is played (loudly) by the speaker and is caught again by the microphone, causing an “infinite loop” of sound, that we percieve as screeching.
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