There are a lot of different circuits in a computer, all with very (VERY) specific purposes. We design them using digital logic gates and we model them using boolean algebra. The most simple of equations can be made by analyzing a truth table, while some of the more complex equations often take the resources of multiple VLSI engineers. If you wanted to rephrase your question for a specific operation to be done, I could go more in depth on that specific circuit, but as I said earlier, way too many to just start listing off the generics of each one.
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