Your music is made of different sounds, which in turn consist of a number of frequencies or frequency ranges. A bit like if you had a set of lights, each one emitting a color and pointing to a canvas (your ear). Each slider of the equalizer, in this case, would adjust the brightness of one lamp, changing the resulting color obtained by mixing all lamps’ projections on the canvas. You could have it more red-heavy, for example.
The equalizer basically separates different frequency bands of the sound into separate paths and has a volume control on each of those paths. After that, all paths are added back to one path.
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