When politicians discuss laws with each other, everyone gets their turn to speak. In order to be fair to everyone, when someone is speaking, no one is allowed to interrupt or tell the person to stop speaking.
Only after everyone has had their fair chance to speak, then is the law allowed to be voted on.
The filibuster was invented when someone thought “hmm, the law can only pass once everyone is finished speaking, so what if… I just spoke forever?”
Thus, the filibuster became a way to protest a law by speaking for unusually long during this speaking process.
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