It’s analysis done with Bayes’ Theorem, which is a principle in statistics that tells you about how ‘conditional probabilities’ work. That is to say, questions like: what is the expected probability that A is true, *given* that you know some related fact B is true?
This is the best visual explanation I’ve seen anywhere for the actual math: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZGCoVF3YvM
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