It’s a way of generating “random” gradients that are still relatively controlled. This makes lots of random-ish natural things look more realistic: fireballs, forests, landscapes, plants, etc.
You don’t want true random for that type of stuff, like TV static, because in the real world they obey physics/biology/etc. and that limits how much and how fast things can vary.
Perlin noise is a relatively simple computer algorithm to generate a gradient in however many dimensions you need (2D, 3D, etc.) that looks random but is also nicely smooth and has the same scale across the features so it looks realistic.
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