What is the operational difference between a 60Hz/120VAC outlet and a 400Hz/120VAC outlet?

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Additionally, is it safe to feed a 50-60Hz device, like my phone charger, 400Hz/120VAC?

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400 Hz is obviously higher frequency. Because of this you can use much lighter and smaller electrical components. However, transmission losses are much higher than 60 Hz, so it’s only used within an aircraft or building. I’m guessing you’re in an aircraft or an old server room?

You have a good chance of burning out your 60 Hz device if you connect to it, and certainly don’t connect anything that uses the power to directly run an electric motor. You might get lucky if it’s a switch mode power supply in your phone charger, since they can usually handle large frequency variations, but you run the risk of lowering its useful life even if it does work.

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