Interestingly enough, nothing. In most cases it’s all about how the electrons exist around the nucleolus. Different numbers of electors create different “shapes” to the atom.
What happens is that the electrons attract to the protons but repel from each other. Because of this every different number of electrons create a different atomic shape. I recommend looking up some pictures online.
These shapes of electron clouds allow atoms to share and borrow elections. These exchanges create chemical bonds, and pretty much define our world.
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