The freezer has a lot more heat removing capability than the weather. It circulates air all around the bowl, pulling out all the heat.
On a lake, once the ice forms, the cold air can’t really get at any of the other water. The Earth itself doesn’t freeze, even in the arctic, down to the depth of many lakes. Outside Siberia, permafrost isn’t even 200m thick. A thin layer of air forms above the water’s surface, caused by the expansion of the ice and air dissolved in the water, which further insulates the water. Finally, the pressure grows very quickly as you go down into a lake, about 1 atmosphere worth of pressure every 10m. At high pressure, water is harder to freeze because it has to expand to freeze and that is harder to do at high pressure.
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