Because they can do testing on the brain to figure out if the animal had rabies are not. If the animal doesn’t have rabies then there is no reason to administer the rabies vaccine. As for “shouldn’t we treat them for rabies regardless” I guess you could say it would be the safer bet. However, incidents of Rabies in humans is very low and so our current system is working pretty well. If you cannot find the animal for testing, or there is no vaccination records of the animal, then they will give you the vaccine.
Almost all cases of Rabies in the US where someone dies is caused by them not going to the doctor after getting bit. They think it’s no big deal and they don’t go, and then when they are finally brought it’s too late.
Rabies has to be treated before the disease sets in. There is only 1 documented case of someone who actually got rabies and survived in recent times.
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