You have mucus glands inside your nose, as well as in the rest of your respiratory system, and in your digestive system too. One of the functions of mucus is to protect against things (like dust, viruses, fungi, and bacteria) to entrap and transport out of your body. When you’re sick, you generate mucus to help carry the infectious virus out of your nose, and this mucus can become thickened with cell debris, bacteria, and inflammatory cells. It happens in your lungs too, which you cough up as phlegm.
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