Ok so in reference to us federal debt, the money is owed to any Treasury bond holder. If you own a T bond/bill/note, then the US government owes you money. This is owned mostly in the form of americans 401ks or IRAs, but is also owned by foreign governments and the Federal Reserve.
Now I must note the Federal Reserve is a major owner of the debt (they buy those bonds to introduce money into the economy, this is how the fed controls unemployment and inflation (this is called monetary policy))… please note that all profits generated by the Fed go to the Treasury. (Yes it’s very circular I know)
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