some older generation laser/ thermal imaging seekers could be defeated temporarily at least by close flare/ smoke ejectors and/ or chaffe bursts as well by ‘ dazzle ‘ multi faceted IR/ UV (?) reflectors, attempting to actively misguide various guided ground and air to air weapons. fog, bad weather, thick smoke and/ or industrial smog could significantly degrade their capabilities. then came GPS and suddenly far less missed, allowing for smaller but far more accurate weapons.
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